In the past decade a growing number studies have shown how Cannabis sativa CBD can protect neuronal cells from damage, and even neurodegenerative conditions [6,7], but its effects are still unclear. CBD may have neuroprotective effects through restoring a balance between oxidative- and anti-oxidant processes. This ability is often disrupted in many neurodegenerative diseases, as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant enzymes. CBD can also bind specific receptors, increasing the activity of nrf-2/ARE. This suggests that CBD may be able promote neuroprotection through activating these pathways.
In a set of experiments we studied the effects on toxicity of various cannabis extracts and cannabinoids in an in vitro ischemia model for the forebrain affecting the CA1 region of organotypic hippocampal rat slices. Our goal was to evaluate the role of CB1-CB2-receptors in the neurotoxic action of THC on OGD-induced cells death.
Our results showed that 1 uMs of THC toxicity on the CA1 area of OGD exposed slices could be completely prevented by CB1 and CB2 antagonists, but not by a selective CB1 inhibitor, WAY-100635. CBD however, demonstrated a significant protective effect against OGD inducing cell death within the CA1 of OGD exposure rat organotypic hippocampus slice by co-incubation of a TRPV2 and 5HTA1 antagonist, The neuroprotective effect 10 uM CBD had was also prevented by the TRPV2 and 5-HT1A receptor antagonists WAY-100635, but not by AM251.
FAQ
How much CBD do I need?
The type of product you are buying will determine how much dosing is required.
CBD oils can be purchased in strengths of 100mg up to 1,000mg per bottle.
Some CBD products are made with precise dosages.
Charlotte's Web produces CBD products with high levels of CBD and other substances.
If you're unsure whether or not CBD will work for you, start with a low dose.
It is possible to always go higher.
Can I use CBD during pregnancy?
The research on CBD use in pregnancy is still lacking.
However, CBD does not appear to be a danger to the baby based upon the limited information.
It is important to remember that CBD should not only be used by women who are pregnant, but also by those who have been recommended by their doctor.
The Food and Drug Administration has issued a warning regarding potential risks of CBD use during pregnancy.
FDA stated that there was evidence that marijuana use during pregnancy might increase the risk for miscarriage.
According to the agency further research is required before any firm conclusions can be reached.
Is there evidence that CBD reduces anxiety?
CBD oil works well to reduce anxiety. This is because it interacts directly with CB1 or CB2 brain receptors. The endocannabinoid (Endocannabinoid) system regulates mood, stress and responses.
CB1 receptors are activated by chemicals released when we feel anxious. When activated, this receptor sends signals to the amygdala, which is responsible for emotional processing.
When the CB1 receptor is blocked, the amygdala doesn't receive the signal to process emotions. CBD users report less negative feelings.
2017 research showed that CBD has been shown to reduce anxiety in those suffering from socialphobia. Another study found that CBD reduced symptoms of PTSD.
A 2018 review concluded that CBD has anxiolytic properties and could help treat generalized anxiety disorder.
Another review suggested that CBD might also reduce panic attacks.
However, multiple studies have shown that CBD does increase anxiety in mice.
Researchers believe this discrepancy in animal data and human data could be due to differences between humans and dogs' responses to CBD.
There are no long-term safety studies available for CBD. But, experts are unanimous in their belief that CBD is safe when used according to directions.
How big is the global CBD market?
Euromonitor International estimates that the global CBD market is worth $US3.5Billion in 2015. This is a more than 10% increase over 2014.
The report forecasts this figure to reach $US 6.4 billion by 2020, representing an average annual growth rate of 12%.
By 2020, CBD products will account for approximately half of all global hemp-derived products.
This includes both CBD oils and other CBD products such as food, beverages, cosmetics, and pet care items.
Statistics
- As a substance that was federally illegal before the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp-derived cannabinoids with no more than 0.3% THC still face a regulatory grey area. (forbes.com)
- A recent study [161] also found that in vitro CBD treatment (i.e., ≤ 2 h exposure to 10 μM) induced ~40% vasorelaxation in isolated (pre-constricted) (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- CBD seems unlikely to directly influence sleep in healthy humans [115] (and maybe “sleep-promoting” in those with certain comorbid conditions) (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- The inhibition of FAAH is predicted to lead to an increase in brain and plasma concentrations of AEA, which acts as a partial agonist at CB1R and CB2R, thereby increasing endocannabinoid tone [92, 110]. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- While the primary injury may not be treatable, interventions that attenuate secondary sequelae are likely to be of benefit [203].Only one study (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
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How To
What are the main issues with the CBD industry.
The market for CBD is growing at an astonishing rate. However, this market is still full of challenges for businesses that want to expand. These include a lack consumer awareness, high-cost entry, limited access capital and regulatory uncertainty.
Many consumers aren't aware of the benefits and limitations of CBD. This makes it difficult for consumers to make informed decisions on whether or not they want CBD products.
As a result, most CBD companies rely heavily on word-of-mouth marketing. This is expensive as they must pay advertising costs and to hire staff to market their brand.
Another issue for new entrants is the high cost production. CBD products require a lot of raw materials. CBD oil is made from hemp that has been grown in particular climates.
Growing enough hemp to make CBD oil takes around $1,000 per acre. Many small farmers are unable or unwilling to invest in this product.
Another challenge new entrants face in the CBD market is the lack of access to capital. Banks discourage many people from starting a business because of the stigma attached to this industry.
Finally, there is regulatory uncertainty surrounding the sale of CBD products. There are currently no guidelines on how CBD products should marketed.
Although states have passed laws restricting CBD products sales, these policies are not yet national.
So far, only two states - Maine and Nevada - have legalized recreational marijuana.
Some states, such as Michigan and Massachusetts, are looking at similar measures.
These changes could lead to increased competition between CBD manufacturers.
As a result of these factors, many entrepreneurs choose to work from home rather than start a physical business.